Java SE 8 Programmer II Exam Series: Java Collections Framework
Introduction
The collection interfaces are divided into two groups: the most basic interface java.util.Collection, and other collection interfaces based on java.util.Map. In this section, we will cover four main interfaces in the Java Collections Framework: List, Set, Map, and Queue.
List
You usually use a list when you want an ordered collection that can contain duplicate entries. All list methods are ordered and allow duplicates.
ArrayList
When to use: Use when you are not sure which collection to use and/or when you are reading more often than writing to the ArrayList
Pros: Lookup is constant time, O(1)
Cons: Adding and removing is slower. The add operation runs in amortized constant time, that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
...LinkedList
When to use: LinkedList is usually used as a Queue
Pros: You can access, add, and remove from the beginning and end of the list in constant time, O(1)
Cons: Dealing with an arbitrary index takes linear time, O(n)
LinkedList<String> linkedList = new LinkedList<String>();Stack
When to use: A Stack is a data structure that you add and remove elements from the top of the stack. It is usually used as an ArrayDeque
Pros: The Stack class represents a last-in-first-out (LIFO) stack of objects
Cons: Elements are not sorted
Deque<String> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
stack.push("1");
stack.push("2");
stack.pop(); // 2List Methods
The List methods that you need to know are listed below:
void add(E element)
void add(int index, E element)
E get(int index)
int indexOf(Object o)
int lastIndexOf(Object o)
void remove(int index)
E set(int index, E e)This example shows the usage of list methods:
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add("suleyman"); // suleyman
list.add(1,"yildirim"); // [suleyman, yildirim]
list.get(1); //yildirim
//list.set(2, "asd"); // java.lang.IndexOutOfBoundsException
list.set(1, "DDD"); //[suleyman, DDD]
list.indexOf("DDD"); // 1
list.lastIndexOf("suleyman"); // 1
list.remove(0); // [DDD]
list.remove("DDD"); // []Set
A collection that contains no duplicate elements. You use a set when you don’t want to allow duplicate entries.
HashSet
A HashSet implements the Set interface, backed by a hash table (actually a HashMap instance). It stores its elements in a hash table.
Pros: This class offers constant time performance for the basic operations (add, remove, contains and size)
Cons: It makes no guarantees as to the iteration order of the set; in particular, it does not guarantee that the order will remain constant over time.
Set<String> hashSet = new HashSet<>();
hashSet.add("suleyman");
hashSet.add("canan");
hashSet.add("fatma");
hashSet.add("omur");
hashSet.add("fatma");System.out.println("HashSet values:");
for (String value : hashSet) {
System.out.print(value + " ");
}// HashSet values: Canan Suleyman Fatma Omur
TreeSet
A TreeSet stores its elements in a sorted tree structure. It implements the NavigableSet interface.
Pros: The set is always in sorted order
Cons: Adding and checking if an element is present are both O(log n)
Set<String> treeSet = new TreeSet<>();
treeSet.add("suleyman");
treeSet.add("canan");
treeSet.add("fatma");
treeSet.add("omur");
treeSet.add("fatma");System.out.println("TreeSet values:");
for (String value : treeSet) {
System.out.print(value + " ");
}
// TreeSet values: Canan Fatma Omur Suleyman
Queue
A collection designed for holding elements prior to processing. Queues typically, but do not necessarily, order elements in a FIFO (first-in-first-out) manner.
LinkedList
LinkedList implements both the List and Queue interfaces. It is a double-ended queue.
When to use: LinkedList is usually used as a Queue
Pros: You can access, add, and remove from the beginning and end of the list in constant time, O(1)
Cons: Dealing with an arbitrary index takes linear time, O(n)
LinkedList<String> linkedList = new LinkedList<String>();ArrayDeque
A “pure” double-ended queue and a resizable-array implementation of the interface. Array deques have no capacity restrictions; they grow as necessary to support usage.
When to use: ArrayDeque is usually used as LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) stacks
Pros: Faster than when used as a stack and faster than LinkedList when used as a queue
Cons: Remove operation runs in linear time
Deque<String> stack = new ArrayDeque<>();
stack.push("1");
stack.push("2");Queue Methods
You need to know the methods below in addition to the ones inherited from the Collection interface. These methods are shown below:
boolean add(E e)
E element()
boolean offer(E e)
E remove()
void push(E e)
E poll()
E peek()
E pop()This example shows the usage of Queue methods:
Queue<Integer> queue = new ArrayDeque<>();
queue.add(1); // [1]
queue.add(2); // [1, 2]
queue.offer(3); // [1, 2, 3]
queue.offer(4); // [1, 2, 3, 4]
queue.poll(); // [2, 3, 4]
queue.peek(); // [2, 3, 4]
queue.poll(); // 3, 4]Map
An object that maps keys to values. A map cannot contain duplicate keys; each key can map to at most one value. You use a map when you want to identify values by a key.
HashMap
Hash table based implementation of the Map interface. A HashMap stores the keys in a hash table.
Pros: Adding elements and retrieving the element by key both have a constant time
Cons: You lose the order in which you inserted the elements. If you are concerned with this, use LinkedHashMap
Map<String, Integer> hashMap = new HashMap<>();
hashMap.put("11", 10);
hashMap.put("gfds", 20);
hashMap.put("gnh", 30);
hashMap.put("100", 30);
hashMap.put("567", 40);
hashMap.put("hjk", 50);
hashMap.put("aa", 60);
hashMap.put("bf", 70);
System.out.println(hashMap); // {11=10, gnh=30, aa=60, 100=30, bf=70, 567=40, hjk=50, gfds=20}TreeMap
A Red-Black tree-based NavigableMap implementation. A TreeMap stores the keys in a sorted tree structure
Pros: The keys are always in sorted order.
Cons: Adding and checking if a key is present are O(log n)
Note that Integer keys are tricky in TreeMap. That’s why the element (100,30) showed up before (11,10):
Map<String, Integer> treeMap = new TreeMap<>();
treeMap.put("11", 10);
treeMap.put("gfds", 20);
treeMap.put("gnh", 30);
treeMap.put("100", 30);
treeMap.put("567", 40);
treeMap.put("hjk", 50);
treeMap.put("aa", 60);
treeMap.put("bf", 70);
System.out.println(treeMap); // {100=30, 11=10, 567=40, aa=60, bf=70, gfds=20, gnh=30, hjk=50}Map Methods
You need to know the following methods:
void clear()
boolean isEmpty()
int size()
V get(Object key)
V put(K key, V value)
V remove(Object key)
containsKey(Object key)
containsValue(Object)
Set<K> keySet()
Collection<V> values()In this example, we use some of the Map methods to calculate the frequency of each word in a String list:
String[] str = {"aaa", "bb", "aaa", "c", "bb", "aaa"};
Map<String, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();for (String value : str) {
if (!map.containsKey(value)) {
map.put(value, 1);
} else {
int frequency = map.get(value);
map.put(value, ++frequency);
}
}for (String key : map.keySet()) {
System.out.print(key + ", "); //aaa, bb, c,
}for (Integer value : map.values()) {
System.out.print(value + ", "); // 3, 2, 1,
}
Summary
In this section, we covered four main interfaces in the Java Collections Framework: List, Set, Map, and Queue. You can find the source code on GitHub.
Originally published at http://suleymanyildirim.org on January 18, 2020.
